Price Skimming is a strategy where companies initially price a product at the highest possible price and then lower it gradually over time.

A way for businesses to test different versions of their website, marketing materials, or products to see which one performs better. They'll create two versions (A and B) and show them to different groups of people. Then, they'll compare the results to see which version was more successful.

This is a marketing model that recognizes the different stages which buyers go through prior to making a purchase

An Accredited Investor is someone who meets the criteria set by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for investing in certain private securities.

Also known as the quick ratio, is a financial metric used to evaluate a company's short-term liquidity or ability to pay its immediate debts.

Acquisition Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting or growing a business by acquiring an existing company rather than starting a new one from scratch. It involves identifying and acquiring companies that have strong growth potential, and then leveraging the existing resources, customer base, and expertise to build a successful and profitable business.

Promoting a product or service especially by displaying it before a group of potential customers or clients.

An advisory board is a group of individuals who are appointed by a company or organisation to provide strategic advice and guidance on specific business issues and challenges. Advisory board members typically have significant expertise and experience in a particular industry or field. They are often chosen for their ability to offer insight and advice based on their knowledge and experience.

Affiliate marketing is a type of performance-based marketing where a business rewards one or more affiliates for each customer brought in by the affiliate's own marketing efforts. Essentially, the affiliate receives a commission for each sale made using their unique referral link.

This methodology is all about staying nimble, collaborating closely, and making changes on the fly. It's about breaking big tasks down into more manageable pieces, delivering value to customers as quickly as possible, and staying open to feedback and new ideas. The key is to be able to adjust course as needed, rather than sticking to a fixed plan.

Agripreneurship is about blending the worlds of agriculture and entrepreneurship, bringing an innovative and business-focused mindset to farming. It involves spotting opportunities, developing creative solutions, and putting in place effective strategies to improve the way we produce and distribute food.

Non-traditional investments that do not fall into the stock, bond, or cash categories. Private equity, hedge funds, real estate, commodities, and other assets not commonly found in traditional investment portfolios are examples of these investments. Alternative investments may offer diversification benefits and the potential for higher returns, but they also tend to be riskier and have less liquidity.

Amortization is the process of gradually paying off a debt or investment through regular payments over a set period of time. Each payment is applied towards both the principal balance and the interest owed.

An angel investor is a wealthy individual who provides financial assistance to startups and small businesses in exchange for equity or convertible debt. Angel investors are frequently experienced entrepreneurs or business professionals who bring not only capital but also expertise, industry knowledge, and network.

The Ansoff Matrix is a strategic planning tool that helps businesses determine their product and market growth strategy. It was created in 1957, by Russian-American mathematician and business theorist, Igor Ansoff.

The process of evaluating a project, company, team or employees' performance and providing feedback. This evaluation can be done formally or informally, and it typically involves reviewing strengths, weaknesses, accomplishments, and areas for improvement.

This is anything a company, or an individual owns that is valuable. Assets can be physical, for instance as property, equipment, or inventory. They can be intangible, such as patents, copyrights, or trademarks and could be used to finance debts, initiate commitments, or maintain legacies.

A balance sheet is a financial statement that presents the company's financial position at a particular point in time by showing its assets, liabilities, and equity.

The Balanced Scorecard is a management model used to measure and track an organization's performance across key areas such as finance, customer, internal processes, and innovation.

Bankruptcy is a situation where a business is declared unable to pay their debts.

This refers to those factors that prevent a new business or startup from entering into a new market or industry.

A strategy that involves targeting and dominating a specific niche market or geographical region with the goal of establishing a foothold for future expansion.

Bid rigging is an illegal practice where competitors collude to manipulate the bidding process to win contracts or tenders.

This approach aims to create new market spaces that are uncontested by competition. This strategy involves identifying and capturing untapped opportunities by developing a unique value proposition for customers. The ultimate goal is to make competition irrelevant by creating new demand for the products or services offered.

Board of Directors are a group of people forming an executive committee to direct or manage a business.

Bonds are a type of fixed-income security that represents an investor's loan to a borrower, typically a company or the government. When you purchase a bond, you are essentially lending money to the bond issuer in exchange for regular interest payments and the promise to return your principal investment at a later date known as the maturity date.

A short, intensive, and interactive training program that assists aspiring entrepreneurs in developing the knowledge and skills needed to launch and grow successful businesses.

A self-funded method of starting and growing a business by utilizing existing resources and reinvesting profits to expand the business over time, rather than seeking outside financing. An individual is said to be bootstrapping when he/she founds and builds a company from personal finances and just based on the operating revenues of the new company.

Branding encompasses all aspects of a company's image and reputation, including its values, messaging, customer experience, and marketing efforts

The break-even point is the level of sales at which a company's revenue exactly covers its total expenses, resulting in neither profit nor loss. In other words, it is the point where the company's total revenue is equal to its total costs, including fixed costs and variable costs.

Is the collection of organisations and business entities - including suppliers, distributors, customers, competitors, government agencies, and so on - involved in the delivery, development and sale of a specific product or service through either competition or cooperation.

Loan refers to money borrowed, especially for the purpose of running a business, and usually intended to be repaid with interest.

A plan or strategy that a company uses to generate revenue and make a profit. It's like a blueprint that explains how a company creates, delivers, and captures value in the market.

A business model canvas (BMC) is a template meant to concisely identify the main points of a business model in a visual representation. These are: customer segments, value proposition, channels, customer relationships, revenue streams, key resources, key activities, key partnerships, and cost structure.

The process of estimating the monetary worth or value of a business or company by taking into account the potential of the business idea, the target market, and the number of customers.

Activities that include buying and selling of goods or services, partnerships, collaborations, and joint ventures between businesses.

B2C refers to the type of business model where a company sells its products or services directly to individual consumers.

The buy and build strategy is when a company expands its operations by acquiring a platform company with developed expertise that it can then build out. When a business requires growth and expansion, there are several possibilities to consider.

A buyer persona is a fictional representation of a company's ideal customer, based on research and data about their demographics, behavior patterns, motivations, goals, and pain points. It helps businesses understand who their target audience is, what they need and want, and how they make purchasing decisions.

Also known as a capitalization table, is a spreadsheet or table that shows a company's ownership structure, detailing who owns what percentage of the company's equity or shares.

Capital expenditure refers to the funds that a company invests in long-term assets or infrastructure to improve its operational efficiency or expand its business.

Capital structure refers to the debts and the equity of a company, which are both used to understand its financial position.

Hard, physical currency or money usually in a stack.

The projection of the amount of cash that a business expects to receive and pay out over a specific period of time, usually a month, quarter, or year.

Someone who collaborates with one or more other people in founding, launching, and managing a business.

Item presented as a guarantee for loan repayment, and agreed to be forfeited in the event of a default

A company's distinct edge over its rivals that enables it to increase sales is referred to as its competitive advantage. This might be facilitated by lower prices, superior goods or services, better brand recognition, or any other feature that sets the business apart from competitors in its sector. A company with a large competitive edge often dominates its market and succeeds over the long haul.

Competitive analysis is the process of identifying and evaluating your competitors' strengths and weaknesses in order to improve your own business strategy.

Compound interest refers to the interest earned not only on the principal amount, but also on the accumulated interest from previous periods. In other words, instead of earning interest only on the initial amount invested, compound interest allows you to earn interest on the interest that you have already earned

A conglomerate is a large corporation that consists of multiple subsidiaries operating in different industries or business sectors, which may be unrelated to each other.

Someone who uses or benefits from a product or service whether directly or indirectly.

A type of marketing strategy in which a business communicates directly with individual consumers using a variety of strategies like email marketing, rather than using intermediaries such as wholesalers or retailers.

Marketing approach that involves creating and distributing valuable, relevant, and consistent content to attract and retain a clearly defined audience.

The practice of sharing your content, such as blog posts, whitepapers, infographics or images, with other websites or platforms to help you reach a larger audience.

A legal document that states and confirms an agreement between two or more business entities.

When a company issues shares to investors, it sets a certain amount of capital that it needs to raise from those shares. If the investors end up giving more money than the assigned capital, the excess amount is recorded as Contributed Surplus.

The ownership of a company that is significant enough to influence the direction and decisions of that company

Conversion rate is a metric that measures the percentage of website visitors or potential customers who take a desired action

A type of loan that can be converted into equity or ownership in a company. This means that instead of the loan being repaid with interest, the lender can choose to convert the loan into shares of stock in the company

Copyright is an authorization backing the owner of a product, service, document, or other materials, and preventing others from using such materials without permission.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the responsibility of businesses and other corporate organisations to their social environment. This Corporate Social Responsibility can be broken into ethical, economic, philanthropic, and environmental aspects.

A corporation is a large company or a group of companies that operate as a single entity and are equally recognized as such.

Cost advantage refers to being able to produce and deliver a product or service at a lower cost compared to other competitors.

Cost of Capital refers to the return which a business must achieve in order to justify a capital expenditure.

Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) is a term used to describe the direct expenses incurred in producing or acquiring goods that are sold by a business

Cost of Sales refers to the total cost that a business incurs for making a product or service available to customers.

Credit is a transaction type representing income earned.

Credit insurance is a form of insurance initiated by a borrower to protect their lender from loss in the case of their death, disability, or inability to make refunds.

Raising small sums of money from a large number of people in order to fund a project or venture, typically via crowdfunding platforms.

Currency hedging is a strategy that companies use to protect themselves from the risk of currency fluctuations by using financial instruments such as forwards, options, or futures contracts.

Someone who patronises or interacts with the products or services of a business.

Customer Acquisition Cost, or CAC, is the amount of money spent by a company to gain new customers. CAC is a critical business metric that represents the total cost of sales and marketing efforts, as well as property or equipment, required to persuade a customer to purchase a product or service.

The Customer Development Model is a process that helps entrepreneurs and startups build products and services that meet the needs of their customers. It involves identifying the problem that the product or service is intended to solve, and then testing and validating assumptions through customer feedback and iteration.

A customer journey is the series of steps or stages that a customer goes through when interacting with a business, from initial awareness and consideration of the product or service, to the final purchase and ongoing support.

Customer pain points refer to specific problems, difficulties, or challenges that customers encounter while trying to achieve their goals or fulfill their needs. Identifying and addressing customer pain points is critical for businesses to improve customer satisfaction and retention, and ultimately increase sales and revenue.

Security agency responsible for regulating and processing importation and exportation activities.

A debenture is a type of business debt which does not require any collateral.

Debt financing is a way for businesses to raise capital without giving up ownership or equity in the company. Instead, they borrow funds from lenders and repay the debt over time with interest.

Debt-to-equity ratio is simply the ratio of a company’s debts to its equity.

A financial metric that helps assess how much debt a company has in relation to its total assets. It's calculated by dividing a company's total debt by its total assets

Defaulting means failing to repay a loan or fulfil the terms of an agreement as at when due.

Depreciation is a term used in accounting to describe the gradual decrease in the value of an asset over time, resulting from wear and tear, aging, obsolescence, or other factors. It reflects the declining usefulness of an asset and is recorded as an expense in a company's financial statements to reflect the reduction in its value.

It is a user-centered approach that can help entrepreneurs develop innovative and effective products and services that meet the needs of their customers.

Differentiation occurs when a business or company stands out from the competition by offering products or services that are unique and different from what is offered by any other company in the same market.

Direct cost is the cost associated with a direct activity or object for example, the purchase of a physical and tangible material.

This is the amount of the total income remaining after tax deductions.

Disruptive innovation is a term used to describe an innovation that creates a new market or disrupts an existing market by displacing established market leaders or creating a new market segment.

A business that is experiencing financial difficulties and is at risk of bankruptcy or insolvency.

Diversification involves entering into a market where you formerly did not operate in and even offering products in such a market.

Dividend is a payout that companies make to their shareholders either from profits or revenue or from their business reserves.

Downsizing is a cost-saving strategy where companies cut down on their workforce and even shut down some plants, divisions, or departments within the company.

Downtime is a period when a business is unable to develop a product or deliver a service as a result of a situation, for instance, machine or system failure.

Comprehensive and systematic investigation of a potential investment or product, to ensure that all relevant information and risks are properly evaluated before making a decision

E-commerce typically involves buying and selling goods over the internet.

It is a financial metric that measures a company's operating profitability before deducting non-operating expenses such as interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization

ESOP is a benefit plan for employees that allow them to own part of the company's stock they worked for when they retire.

Those who are among the first to use a new product or technology are known as early adopters. The willingness to take chances and eagerness for attempting new things are common traits of this group. Early adopters are frequently regarded as trend-setters or influencers, and their use of a new product or technology can play a significant role in determining whether it succeeds or fails.

Eclectic Paradigm, also known as OLI Framework is a theory that explains why multinational companies choose to engage in foreign direct investment (FDI) based on three factors: ownership advantages, location advantages, and internalization advantages.

An economic bubble is a term that describes a time period where there is a sudden hike in the prices of goods far beyond their intrinsic value.

Downtime is a period when a business is unable to develop a product or deliver a service as a result of a situation, for instance, machine or system failure.

Comprehensive and systematic investigation of a potential investment or product, to ensure that all relevant information and risks are properly evaluated before making a decision

E-commerce typically involves buying and selling goods over the internet.

It is a financial metric that measures a company's operating profitability before deducting non-operating expenses such as interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization

ESOP is a benefit plan for employees that allow them to own part of the company's stock they worked for when they retire.

Those who are among the first to use a new product or technology are known as early adopters. The willingness to take chances and eagerness for attempting new things are common traits of this group. Early adopters are frequently regarded as trend-setters or influencers, and their use of a new product or technology can play a significant role in determining whether it succeeds or fails.

Eclectic Paradigm, also known as OLI Framework is a theory that explains why multinational companies choose to engage in foreign direct investment (FDI) based on three factors: ownership advantages, location advantages, and internalization advantages.

An economic bubble is a term that describes a time period where there is a sudden hike in the prices of goods far beyond their intrinsic value.

An economic union is the coming together of two or more nations to create a group where exchange of goods and services can happen easily.

The cost saving or efficiency gain that is achieved by manufacturing several complementary products at once as compared to manufacturing each product independently.

Economies of scale refer to the cost advantage that a company gains when it produces goods or services on a larger scale. This is because the fixed costs are spread out over a larger quantity of output, making each unit cheaper to produce. So, the more a company produces, the lower is the cost per unit.

This term refers to the application of technology to the facilitation and improvement of teaching and learning. It includes a wide range of technological resources, including hardware, software, and applications created especially for teaching.

The Effectuation Model encourages entrepreneurs to be proactive, creative, and adaptable. It prioritizes action over planning, and focuses on building on existing networks and resources to create new opportunities.

An elevator pitch is a short, to-the-point message from one person to another to propose an idea, often business-related. A startup founder might deliver an elevator pitch to a potential investor seeking funding, for example.

Emerging markets are countries considered to be recently thriving economically and attracting both business and customer interests.

An employer is an individual who hires and manages people within a business or an organisational setting.

Environmental entrepreneurship refers to the creation, development, and management of new ventures that focus on solving environmental problems while also generating profits. It involves identifying innovative and sustainable business opportunities that address pressing environmental issues such as climate change, pollution, and resource depletion.

Equity dilution is a situation where a company reduces the amount of shares or the percentage of ownership each investor or shareholder gets by simply making more

Equity financing refers to the process of raising capital for a company by selling a portion of the ownership or equity in the company to investors. In exchange for their investment, investors receive ownership in the company and a share in its future profits

An equity stake refers to the percentage ownership of a company or asset that an individual or entity holds, which is typically represented by shares or units.

By exiting a business or company, shareholders sell their ownership of the company to an individual entity or another company.

Expenses are costs associated with business activities including procurement, manufacturing, and service delivery.

Products that are sold quickly and at a relatively low cost, typically consumed or used up within a short period of time.

Financial leverage refers to the use of borrowed funds or debt to finance investments and operations, with the goal of increasing the potential return for shareholder

Financial statements are declarations of a business’s financial position and its activities such as earnings, interests, and tax payments.

Fintech is a term used to describe companies that use a technology-driven approach to provide financial services and products.

Fixed-rate loans have an interest rate that remains the same throughout the entire period of the loan.

Fledgling is the condition where a business is just started and possesses only a little experience in its chosen field or industry

Floating-rate loan is a loan type where the interest rate changes or fluctuates, especially in line with market activities or prevailing economic conditions.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an investment made by a company in a foreign country with the intention of establishing business operations, acquiring assets or participating in joint ventures.

Foreign markets are markets that exist outside an individual's country or region of operation

A founder is someone who launches and owns a business.

A free trade agreement aims at encouraging international trade by reducing or totally eliminating barriers such as tariffs.

Freemium is a business model that offers basic services for free, allowing users to upgrade for more features and options. It encourages customers to try the product before committing to a purchase and creates customer retention and growth opportunities.

GDPR stands for General Data Protection Regulation, which is a regulation introduced by the European Union to protect the privacy and personal data of its citizens

The Golden Circle Framework is a marketing concept that emphasizes the importance of starting with why when it comes to building a successful brand. By identifying and communicating the deeper purpose behind their products or services, businesses can create a stronger emotional connection with their customers, leading to greater loyalty and engagement over time.

Gross Domestic Product refers to the total value of all products or services produced within a country in a one year period.

an investment fund that pools capital from accredited individuals or institutional investors and invests in a wide range of assets using a variety of investment strategies. Hedge funds are typically only available to wealthy or sophisticated investors, and may use techniques such as leverage, short selling, and derivatives to try to generate returns.

Horizontal integration is a business strategy that involves acquiring or merging with companies that operate in the same industry or provide similar products or services.

International Financial Reporting Standards are standards declaring how businesses and companies should process and present specific transactions or business events when reporting their financial statements.

Import duty is a fee charged to accept an import product through a country’s border.

Income streams are the various ways in which money flows into a business or an individual. Think of it as different faucets of money that you can turn on to generate income.By having multiple income streams, individuals and businesses can diversify their sources of income and reduce their dependency on any one source.

An incubator is an organization or program that provides resources, mentorship, and guidance to new and startup companies to help them grow and succeed.

Are the intangible assets with the potential of generating revenue. Unlike tangible assets, intellectual property is a collection of ideas, designs and concepts usually protected through various means.

An International Trade Show is an event where companies operating in a particular industry come from all over the world to showcase their products or services.

Meeting for the purpose of assessing the certificates, skills, or competence of a potential vendor or staff

The practice of promoting entrepreneurial activities within a larger organization, typically by encouraging employees to develop innovative ideas, products, or services that can benefit the company. I

Inventory turnover is the rate at which an inventory is sold or replaced in a given period of time.

A person who contributes financially to a business or economic platform with the aim of making a profit

A business arrangement in which two or more parties agree to pool their resources and expertise to pursue a specific project or goal. The parties involved typically share in the risks, rewards, and profits of the venture.

Kaizen is a Chinese word that is translated as “good change” or “improvement”, and has been associated with the continuous improvement of a business plan, process, or model.

The law of supply is an economic principle that states that all things are equal and an increase in the price of a commodity will result in a corresponding increase in supply and vice versa.

Lean manufacturing refers to a business model where overall productivity is maximised and, at the same time, process waste is minimised.

A methodology that aims to shorten product development cycles and rapidly discover if a proposed business model is viable

Lending agreement is an agreement between a borrower and a lender describing the terms of their contract such as loan period, and interest rate.

A letter of guarantee is a document originating from a bank to a beneficiary promising to pay an amount of money to them if an individual default on an obligation to them.

A letter of intent (LOI) is a document that outlines the preliminary terms of a proposed agreement or transaction between parties. It's like a love letter to a potential business partner, stating your intentions and general terms for a deal, but it's not legally binding. It's a way to start the conversation and set the stage for negotiations, like a handshake before a big game.

A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a business structure that saves business owners from bearing the company’s debts only to the extent to which they invest.

The loan-to-value ratio is an estimation of the amount of money one needs to borrow and the monetary worth of a property which they want to buy using the loan.

Loss leader pricing is a pricing strategy where a company sets a low price for certain items in hopes of luring customers into its store or website and selling them other, higher-margin products. By offering one item at a discounted rate, the company can recoup some of its losses from the discounted item with profits from sales of other items.

Market penetration strategy refers to a business strategy that aims to increase its market share in an existing market with its current products or services. The goal is to attract new customers or convince existing customers to increase their usage or purchases of the products or services offered. This strategy typically involves aggressive pricing, marketing, and sales tactics.

Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into smaller groups of consumers who share common needs or characteristics, allowing businesses to better understand and target their specific preferences and behaviors.

Market share is the percentage of total revenues that a certain company controls within a given industry or market. In other words, it refers to the share that a company is able to acquire and hold compared to that of its rivals.

The organizational characteristics of a market, including the number and size of firms, types of products sold, and ease of entry into the market. It provides a framework for analyzing and understanding how markets operate and the behavior of firms within those markets.

A visual representation of the customer journey from initial awareness of a product or service to making a purchase. It is typically divided into several stages, including awareness, interest, consideration, and action, and can be used to guide marketing and sales efforts.

A merger is when two companies join together to become one company. Usually, a merger happens when both companies dissolve and form a brand new entity, although they could also just rename one company to include both.

Micro Private Equity firms invest in businesses worth less than $5 million. These are not glamorous venture-scale startups but cash-flow positive businesses with consistent growth. Micro PE firms typically seek to generate returns by building successful companies that can later be sold for a profit.

A basic version of a product or service that is developed and launched in order to test the market and get feedback from early adopters. It is designed to be developed quickly and with minimal resources in order to test assumptions and validate the viability of a business idea.

An action-based statement for a company to communicate to its employees, customers, and stakeholders its purpose and what it hopes to accomplish.

Monetization is the act of setting up a product, service or activity in order to generate income off it.

A monopoly is a market structure where a single company or entity is the only seller of a particular product or service in a given market. This gives the company significant pricing power, as there are no close substitutes available for consumers to turn to. Monopolies can be the result of a lack of competition, high barriers to entry, or government regulation.

Multilevel marketing is a business sales model where sales representatives receive commission based on the value of their sales, or the sales of other representatives who they introduce into the business.

Net profit margin ratio is the profit, presented in percentage, which a business realises after covering its costs such as taxes and interests.

The network effect is when a product or service becomes more valuable as more people use it. It's like a party that gets better the more people show up - the more friends you invite, the more enjoyable the experience becomes. In business, the network effect can create a virtuous cycle of growth, where more users attract more users, leading to even more growth.

A framework for goal-setting that helps teams and organizations focus on what's important and measure progress. It involves setting clear and specific objectives, and then identifying key results that will indicate whether those objectives have been achieved.

Offer advantage is realised when a business offers a product that stands out from those of its competitors by providing better features or increased benefits.

A market structure where a small number of firms dominate the market and exert significant control over the price and supply of goods or services.

A marketing strategy that aims to provide a seamless and consistent experience for customers across all channels and touchpoints, including online, offline, mobile, and in-store.

Opportunity cost refers to the situation in which businesses or individuals lose other available opportunities when they settle for one alternative.

Organizational culture is a term that refers to the shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that characterize an organization and how these influence the behavior of the employees.

A company that produces and sells parts or products that are used in another company's end product.

Outsourcing involves giving out business work or responsibilities to individuals who aren’t employed staff of a business or company.

This is a framework that is used to analyze and monitor the macroenvironmental forces that influence an organization

Pay Per Click is a popular marketing option where a company or business sets up an advert on a website or search engine and pays a particular amount of money every time someone clicks on the advert.

An issued authority or licence that gives an inventor the sole right to produce, duplicate, or sell their invention, and that prevents other businesses from doing the same.

Performance management is the process of evaluating employees' job performance and offering coaching and feedback to help them become more proficient, successful, and productive. The main objective of performance management is to match company objectives and goals with employees' performance.

A pivot is a change in strategy or direction for a business that is made in response to customer feedback or changes in the market. It involves making a significant change to one or more of the key elements of a business, such as the target market, value proposition, or revenue model, in order to better meet the needs of customers or take advantage of new opportunities.

Porter diamond model is an economic model that can be used to understand the different factors that give certain industries or markets a competitive advantage in one nation or country compared to another.

Porter's Five Forces is a framework used for analyzing the competitive forces that shape and influence the intensity of competition within an industry or market. The framework was developed by Michael Porter, a leading authority on competitive strategy and economics, and consists of five key forces

Price discrimination is a pricing strategy in which a business charges different prices for the same product or service to different customers, based on their willingness and ability to pay. The goal of price discrimination is to maximize profits by capturing the maximum amount of consumer surplus, or the difference between the maximum price that customers are willing to pay and the actual price they are charged

The Price-to-Earnings Ratio, or P/E Ratio, is a financial ratio used to measure the relative value of a company's stock by comparing its current stock price to its earnings per share (EPS)

A Private Equity is a type of investment that involves the purchase and management of companies that are not publicly traded on a stock exchange. They typically use a combination of debt and equity financing to acquire companies, then work to improve their operations and increase their value before selling them for a profit.

Product adaptation is a strategic process that companies use to modify their existing products to better meet the needs and preferences of consumers in different markets.

Product-Market Fit is a term used to describe the point at which a product or service is meeting the needs and demands of its target market in a way that creates significant customer value and drives growth for the business.

Is the practice of planning, organising, and managing resources to achieve specific goals and objectives within a defined timeline in a business organisation. It is concerned with coordinating different tasks and activities, assigning responsibilities, setting deadlines, and monitoring progress to ensure that projects are completed on time, within budget, and to the satisfaction of stakeholders or investors.

Proof, usually written out, to convince a community or group that a business idea, product, model, or plan is feasible.

Commonly referred to as PR, is the practice of building and maintaining relationships between an organization and its target audience

Return on Assets (ROA) is a financial ratio that measures a company's efficiency in generating profits from its assets. A higher ROA indicates that a company is generating more profit per dollar of assets, while a lower ROA indicates the opposite

Return on Equity (ROE) is a financial metric that measures the profitability of a company by evaluating how effectively it generates profits using shareholder investments

Rogers' five factors refer to the five key elements that influence the adoption and diffusion of innovations: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. These factors play a critical role in determining whether or not a new product or idea will be adopted by a target market. The more favorable the factors are, the greater the likelihood of successful adoption and diffusion.

A strategic planning tool used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in a business venture or project. It involves assessing both internal and external factors that can impact the success of the venture, and can be used to guide strategic decision-making.

Search engine marketing is the process of improving your website's visibility in search engine results pages through advertising and optimization techniques.

A serial entrepreneur is a person who starts and manages multiple businesses over their career. They have a knack for identifying new opportunities and turning them into successful ventures

Series A is the name given to a particular stage of funding for a startup company. It typically occurs after the initial seed funding round, and is usually the first time the company receives substantial outside investment from venture capitalists or angel investors

The sharing economy is a model of exchange in which goods and services are shared between people over the internet, enabling access instead of ownership.

The practice of starting a business that focuses on solving social problems or addressing social issues. For example poverty, inequality, or access to education or healthcare.

SaaS stands for Software as a service, and it refers to a business model where software is offered or made available to customers or clients as a way of serving a specific need.

An arrangement typically between a customer and a service provider to receive products or services on a recurring basis.

It is the concept of trading time and effort for a share of ownership in a company or project. In other words, instead of paying for ownership in cash, the individuals provide value through their work or expertise to earn equity in the company.

A takeover occurs when one business buys or merges with another business. This might be done to grow their clientele, get more market share, or get access to cutting-edge goods and innovations. If the acquiring business obtains a majority of the target company's shares without the consent of its management, a hostile takeover may occasionally happen.

Target market refers to a specific group of consumers or customers that a business aims to attract and serve with its products or services. This group shares similar characteristics such as age, gender, income, and interests, and is most likely to respond positively to a company's marketing efforts.

A term sheet is a non-binding document exchanged between two parties outlining the terms and conditions for a business deal.

This is one of porter's five forces which describes the threat posed by new companies as they enter into a market.

Sign, symbol, sound, or other elements specific to a particular brand or product within a brand.

This is a strategy adopted by a company in order to recover from a situation that has led to a decline in the profitability of the business.

A privately held startup company that reached a valuation of $1 billion or more.

Reason or concept for which a product or service or an entire brand is preferred over another.

Validation refers to the process of testing and verifying that a product, service, or idea meets the needs and expectations of its intended audience

A venture is a risky and potentially rewarding business project that involves taking a chance on a new idea or opportunity

Venture builder is a startup that builds startups. They are known by many names such as venture studios, startup factories, and startup studios. Venture builders use their ideas, resources, and connection to finance, nurture and help startups grow. Twitter and Medium are two notable startups that were backed by venture builders.

Venture capital is a specialized form of financing that offers high-risk, high-return investments in burgeoning startups with significant growth potential.

Vertical integration is a strategy where a company takes ownership of the supply chain by acquiring or merging with a company that operates in a different stage of the production process

This marketing strategy aims to create a buzz around the product or service that spreads quickly and exponentially through word of mouth, social media sharing, and other forms of online communication. It is called "viral" because, like a virus, the marketing message spreads rapidly and without the need for significant additional effort once it is released into the target market.

A statement that outlines an organization's future aspirations and objectives. It acts as a guiding principle for decision-making and helps to unify the efforts of the organization towards a shared goal.

A workshop relates to an opportunity where participants in a particular field of business come together to communicate challenges, brainstorm innovation ideas or solutions, or actively work on a project.

Yield is the amount of return or profit that an investment generates expressed as a percentage of the original investment. It's a way of measuring the financial performance of a business or investment.